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	<title>车聚网 &#187; 特斯拉，自燃</title>
	
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	<description>网聚汽车人的力量</description>
	
	
	
	
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		<title>独家实拍与解析！Model S自燃可能不是电池短路引起？ &#124; 聚焦</title>
		<link>https://www.autoju.com/2019/05/02/301027/</link>
		
		
		
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<p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 498px; clear: both; min-height: 16px; line-height: 1.75em; text-indent: 0em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; letter-spacing: 0.5px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136); box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">引</strong><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">言 |&nbsp;</strong></span><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; letter-spacing: 0.5px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136); font-size: 14px; text-align: center; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">冒死偷拍，强行科普</span></p>
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<p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: rgb(42, 42, 42); font-family: &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); line-height: 2em; text-indent: 0em;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 16px;">4月26日，车聚君趁修车之际，在特斯拉虹桥服务中心拍到了停在后院的自燃的Model S。</span></p>
<p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: rgb(42, 42, 42); font-family: &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); line-height: 2em; text-indent: 0em;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 16px;"></span></p>
<p><img src="https://www.autoju.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/21591556774720.jpg" style="float:none;" title="A1.jpg"/></p>
<p><span style="text-indent: 0em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: rgb(42, 42, 42); font-family: &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, Arial, sans-serif;">一、</span><strong style="text-indent: 0em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: rgb(42, 42, 42); font-family: &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, Arial, sans-serif; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px;">锂电池短路是怎么回事？</strong><br/></p>
<p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: rgb(42, 42, 42); font-family: &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); line-height: 2em; text-indent: 0em;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 16px;">关于这台车爆燃的原因，很多人认为可以用锂电池短路这一常见原因来解释。锂电池短路，可分为内部短路和外部短路两种情况。</span></p>
<p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: rgb(42, 42, 42); font-family: &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); line-height: 2em; text-indent: 0em;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 16px;">外部短路代表电芯正负极短路、发热，故障源头多来自于线束。当电芯发热到一定程度后，单节电池中的电解质溶液会因为聚合物汽化造成内部膨胀而泄露，当锂暴露在空气中时，会与氧气产生剧烈反应而爆炸。</span></p>
<p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: rgb(42, 42, 42); font-family: &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); line-height: 2em; text-indent: 0em;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 16px;">内部短路的原因较为复杂，有可能是因为电池内有小杂质刺透隔膜纸而造成内部短路，从而发热起火。还有可能是因为在电池过充时负极会产生针状结晶，刺破隔膜纸造成内部短路。</span></p>
<p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: rgb(42, 42, 42); font-family: &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); line-height: 2em; text-indent: 0em;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 16px;">事发时这台Model S停放在地下车库，电池组仅仅为热管理系统供电，所以发生内部短路的可能性较大。而内部短路往往是突然出现并且察觉不到的，它或许在车主下车之后发生，又或许早在之前数次充电使用循环中就已经在慢慢积累热量。</span></p>
<p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: rgb(42, 42, 42); font-family: &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); line-height: 2em; text-indent: 0em;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 16px;">如果“内部短路”一说为真，那么下一个问题就是：为什么会短路？</span></p>
<p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: rgb(42, 42, 42); font-family: &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); line-height: 2em; text-indent: 0em;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 16px;">在微博上，车主董先生就此事发声，对消防人员和门卫师傅表示感谢，并提供了一些有价值的信息。但是，他对评论中不少车主不断追问的“到底有没有改装过车辆？”一直没有做出正面回应。</span></p>
<p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: rgb(42, 42, 42); font-family: &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); line-height: 2em; text-indent: 0em;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 16px;">这个问题的答案，可能只有等官方报告出来时才能确定。但不妨碍我们寻找一下其它的可能原因。</span></p>
<p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: rgb(42, 42, 42); font-family: &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); line-height: 2em; text-indent: 0em;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 16px;">二、<strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px;">电池老化或为导火索？</strong></span></p>
<p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: rgb(42, 42, 42); font-family: &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); line-height: 2em; text-indent: 0em;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 16px;">车聚君了解到自燃的这台Model S P85出厂日期是2014年9月，在现存的特斯拉中属于车龄较高的车型，这就不可避免地牵扯出另一个原因——电池老化。</span></p>
<p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: rgb(42, 42, 42); font-family: &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); line-height: 2em; text-indent: 0em;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 16px;">电池老化带来的性能变化可以在使用过程中被察觉，最直观的就是电量衰减。</span></p>
<p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: rgb(42, 42, 42); font-family: &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); line-height: 2em; text-indent: 0em;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 16px;">汽车公司往往会低估电池退化的速度，比如日产Leaf立项时，日产为降低成本决定自己生产电池组，并选择了24千瓦时的小电池。然而仅一年之后就有Leaf的电池容量下降到27.5%的极端案例。</span></p>
<p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: rgb(42, 42, 42); font-family: &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); line-height: 2em; text-indent: 0em;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 16px;">比如，车聚君长测的Model S 75D生产日期为2016年，至今快3年了，其充满电后的续航里程呈逐年下降趋势：一开始为380公里，去年为365公里，现在约为359公里。</span></p>
<p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: rgb(42, 42, 42); font-family: &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); line-height: 2em; text-indent: 0em;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 16px;">人们对电量衰减已司空见惯，但多数人不了解的是，电量衰减和电池过热在一定程度上同根同源，并且两者通常是相伴发生的。</span></p>
<p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: rgb(42, 42, 42); font-family: &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); line-height: 2em; text-indent: 0em;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 16px;">当中最核心的原因是一种人为无法控制的反应——SEI层的形成。</span></p>
<p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: rgb(42, 42, 42); font-family: &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); line-height: 2em; text-indent: 0em;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 16px;">电池设计者发现电极涂层在使用寿命期间会变得粗糙，显然结构内部发生了不可逆的反应。当电池首次进行充电时，电解质电极界面处，也就是电子和离子结合的地方会发生化学反应，具体讲是由液体电解质与电子反应形成固体。</span></p>
<p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: rgb(42, 42, 42); font-family: &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); line-height: 2em; text-indent: 0em;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 16px;">这会导致在电极和电解质之间形成新的层，这层物质称为固体电解质中间相，简称「SEI层」。</span></p>
<p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: rgb(42, 42, 42); font-family: &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); line-height: 2em; text-indent: 0em;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 16px;">这层物质，在薄膜阶段可以被离子嵌入，直到完整穿透到达阴极，但电子无法穿过。</span></p>
<p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: rgb(42, 42, 42); font-family: &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); line-height: 2em; text-indent: 0em;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 16px;">长此，电子与电解质进一步反应可以让SEI层超越薄膜范畴，让锂离子难以穿过并导致其永久性冻结。活跃的锂离子数量的减少，会直接造成电池电量的衰减。</span></p>
<p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: rgb(42, 42, 42); font-family: &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); line-height: 2em; text-indent: 0em;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 16px;">这个过程目前尚未完全清晰，但是有些加快SEI层形成速度的因素已被发现。</span></p>
<p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: rgb(42, 42, 42); font-family: &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); line-height: 2em; text-indent: 0em;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 16px;">首先就是硅基电极电池的膨胀。</span></p>
<p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: rgb(42, 42, 42); font-family: &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); line-height: 2em; text-indent: 0em;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 16px;">和所有电池一样，锂离子电池包含正负/阴阳极，由电解质分离开来。电池通过在阳极和阴极之间输送带正电的离子，在电池两侧产生电势，迫使电子穿过装置，为电位平衡提供动力。</span></p>
<p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: rgb(42, 42, 42); font-family: &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); line-height: 2em; text-indent: 0em;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 16px;">锂是一种非常不错的电池材料，原子序数为3，是排名第三轻的元素和最轻的金属，它的离子能为所有电池提供能量。电池的容量，最终取决于有多少锂离子可以装入阳极空间。</span></p>
<p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: rgb(42, 42, 42); font-family: &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); line-height: 2em; text-indent: 0em;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 16px;">举例来说，硅基电极电池中单个硅原子可以结合4.4个锂离子，理论上电池最大容量为每克4200mAh，比石墨电极的最大电池容量理论上高了11倍。</span></p>
<p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: rgb(42, 42, 42); font-family: &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); line-height: 2em; text-indent: 0em;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 16px;">这看起来很棒，可以提高电量密度，但是有一些缺陷。由于锂离子有倒伏特性，4.4个锂离子倒伏进入硅晶格会导致电池在从零充满的过程中体积会扩至400%。</span></p>
<p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: rgb(42, 42, 42); font-family: &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); line-height: 2em; text-indent: 0em;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 16px;">由于每节电池外表都有硬壳包裹，所以这种膨胀会在电池内产生应力，从而损坏两极材料，导致SEI层的破裂，暴露新的电极层让SEI扩展。就和长期咬嘴唇－唇裂－愈合再咬－再次唇裂的循环一个道理，会让SEI越长越大。</span></p>
<p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: rgb(42, 42, 42); font-family: &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); line-height: 2em; text-indent: 0em;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 16px;">其次就是充电速率和温度。</span></p>
<p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: rgb(42, 42, 42); font-family: &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); line-height: 2em; text-indent: 0em;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 16px;">电池充放电的温度在电池性能中发挥重要作用，因为和温度和化学活性息息相关。换言之，虽然提高充电温度会对电池储存和释放能量的能力产生推动作用，但同时也提高了了SEI层的形成速率。</span></p>
<p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: rgb(42, 42, 42); font-family: &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); line-height: 2em; text-indent: 0em;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 16px;">理想的充电和放电电压约为4V，可以最小化任何可能导致化学活性增加的电阻加热。</span></p>
<p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: rgb(42, 42, 42); font-family: &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); line-height: 2em; text-indent: 0em;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 16px;">然而众所周知，包括这台车主在内的大部分用户都会使用特斯拉超充，特别是早期特斯拉车主都享有「终身免费」超充的权利。</span></p>
<p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: rgb(42, 42, 42); font-family: &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); line-height: 2em; text-indent: 0em;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 16px;">在超充站，380V的输入电压和192A的电流不仅会导致电池升温，还会提高SEI的形成速率。每次充放电都是在给SEI层的形成提供机会。</span></p>
<p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: rgb(42, 42, 42); font-family: &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); line-height: 2em; text-indent: 0em;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 16px;">SEI的形成在降低电池储电能力的同时也会提高充电电阻，让电池升温来的越来越剧烈。</span></p>
<p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: rgb(42, 42, 42); font-family: &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); line-height: 2em; text-indent: 0em;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 16px;">这也是为什么特斯拉车主在超充站充电时，经常能听到风扇的巨大响声，这是热管理系统为排除大量热能而做的必要反应。</span></p>
<p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: rgb(42, 42, 42); font-family: &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); line-height: 2em; text-indent: 0em;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 16px;">实际续航里程越低，意味着电池过热的可能性越高。</span></p>
<p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: rgb(42, 42, 42); font-family: &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); line-height: 2em; text-indent: 0em;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 16px;">据悉，虽然特斯拉在产品迭代的过程中会不断地提高电池中硅的用量，但是事发车辆使用的早期18650电池只含有非常有限的硅基材料。所以相比而言，循环往复的高温充电和使用造成的SEI堆叠、电池老化与随之而来的电池过热风险的累积，更值得被怀疑。</span></p>
<p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: rgb(42, 42, 42); font-family: &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); line-height: 2em; text-indent: 0em;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 16px;">据车主自述，他在进入地下车库前一个小时，车子刚刚完成超充，续航里程恢复到了350多公里。</span></p>
<p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: rgb(42, 42, 42); font-family: &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); line-height: 2em; text-indent: 0em;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 16px;">三、<strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px;">那辆Model S为什么会燃烧？</strong></span></p>
<p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: rgb(42, 42, 42); font-family: &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); line-height: 2em; text-indent: 0em;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 16px;">假设车主在完成超充至停进车库的过程中，某个电芯产生了过热现象，那么从「过热」到「热失控」到底是哪里出了问题？</span></p>
<p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: rgb(42, 42, 42); font-family: &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); line-height: 2em; text-indent: 0em;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 16px;">车辆熄火静止不动并不意味着电池停止工作，热管理系统会直接从电池组中汲取能量，供自身系统运转，从而使电芯处于发热状态。</span></p>
<p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: rgb(42, 42, 42); font-family: &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); line-height: 2em; text-indent: 0em;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 16px;">包括特斯拉在内的电动汽车，即使静止停放几天，也会出现电量减少现象，这就是热管理系统工作造成的损耗。</span></p>
<p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: rgb(42, 42, 42); font-family: &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); line-height: 2em; text-indent: 0em;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 16px;">特斯拉的热管理系统包含交换管道，乙二醇和热泵，通过水冷的方式维持电池组的温度。</span></p>
<p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: rgb(42, 42, 42); font-family: &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); line-height: 2em; text-indent: 0em;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 16px;">坦白来讲，由于采用了小容量的18650电池，特斯拉的热管理系统的复杂度是大大增加的。如果从散热能力上考虑，使用小容量的18650电池不是最优选。圆柱体电池也受限于自身，无法在每一节电池上布置热阀门（<em style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px;">这一点在Model 3上已经做出优化</em>）。</span></p>
<p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: rgb(42, 42, 42); font-family: &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); line-height: 2em; text-indent: 0em;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 16px;">所以只要一节过热，狭小空间根本无法排出热量，温度会迅速爬升。</span></p>
<p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: rgb(42, 42, 42); font-family: &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); line-height: 2em; text-indent: 0em;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 16px;">燃烧是热失控的明显标志，据车主董先生介绍，这台特斯拉的16个电池模组，靠近车头方向的4个模组已被烧毁。</span></p>
<p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: rgb(42, 42, 42); font-family: &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); line-height: 2em; text-indent: 0em;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 16px;">然而，为什么电芯的升温会放大至模组燃烧，为什么一烧就是四个？</span></p>
<p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: rgb(42, 42, 42); font-family: &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); line-height: 2em; text-indent: 0em;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 16px;">会不会存在一个阈值，让某个已经在超充过后受损过热的电芯，在地下车库无法平衡原热量，并且在为热管理系统提供电能时突破控制。</span></p>
<p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: rgb(42, 42, 42); font-family: &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); line-height: 2em; text-indent: 0em;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 16px;">这种担心并非空穴来风，因为在超充以后，电芯之间的特性分布差异会被放大，他们在用不同的电压来提供不同的功率，每一节电芯的能力各不相同。内部数个电芯并联，持续放电提供环流，很可能使得单个或者多个心有余力不足的电芯过热，达到触发热失控的临界。</span></p>
<p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: rgb(42, 42, 42); font-family: &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); line-height: 2em; text-indent: 0em;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 16px;">电芯出现燃烧现象以后，内部压力增加，热管理系统控制热阀门打开，电池开始排气。电芯中的活性物质与空气接触以后，发生剧烈的放热反应，随着时间拖延电池老化和隔绝物质老化，周边的电芯随即也开始串烧。巨大的热量使电池模组的排气阀达到一定的压力并打开，随后相邻三个模组的排气阀也参与排气，连锁效应发生。</span></p>
<p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: rgb(42, 42, 42); font-family: &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); line-height: 2em; text-indent: 0em;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 16px;">这大概就是这台Model S在短短几秒内经历的过程。</span></p>
<p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: rgb(42, 42, 42); font-family: &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); line-height: 2em; text-indent: 0em;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 16px;">当然，特斯拉为应对这些18650电池可能出现的安全事故，也倾注了很多心血。</span></p>
<p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: rgb(42, 42, 42); font-family: &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); line-height: 2em; text-indent: 0em;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 16px;">如果一个单体电池出现温度过高等异常情况，根据异常情况的恶劣程度，这枚电池或其所在的模组会断电，以防止事故的蔓延。由于单体容量小，只要不发生蔓延，事故的严重程度将是较低的。</span></p>
<p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: rgb(42, 42, 42); font-family: &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); line-height: 2em; text-indent: 0em;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 16px;">为确保新电池的单个电芯或一组电芯出现燃烧时，不会祸及相邻模组，特斯拉在布置电芯时采取了以下措施：</span></p>
<p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: rgb(42, 42, 42); font-family: &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); line-height: 2em; text-indent: 0em;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 16px;">▎物理隔离。确保单体电池间隙大于等于1毫米，减少连接电池的熔丝、增加散热器和导热垫片；</span></p>
<p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: rgb(42, 42, 42); font-family: &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); line-height: 2em; text-indent: 0em;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 16px;">▎限制短路路径。在电池负极互连熔丝，单体外壳使用云母纸套。</span></p>
<p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: rgb(42, 42, 42); font-family: &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); line-height: 2em; text-indent: 0em;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 16px;">▎控制TR路径，保护相邻电池。密封单体正极和固定板，防止热气体旁露。使用陶瓷管和排气口来保护路径。</span></p>
<p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: rgb(42, 42, 42); font-family: &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); line-height: 2em; text-indent: 0em;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 16px;">▎限制火花超过电池壳。</span></p>
<p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: rgb(42, 42, 42); font-family: &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); line-height: 2em; text-indent: 0em;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 16px;">这样，热失控会控制在该模组内，很难跨区引燃。</span></p>
<p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: rgb(42, 42, 42); font-family: &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); line-height: 2em; text-indent: 0em;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 16px;">得益于这种热管理系统的分级管理策略，这台特斯拉剩余的12个电池模组幸运存活。</span></p>
<p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: rgb(42, 42, 42); font-family: &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); line-height: 2em; text-indent: 0em;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 16px;">但存活不等于没有受伤。燃烧放热过程的持续性很强，有幸逃过一劫的剩余12个模组也很有可能受热量影响发生了个别电芯的燃烧，并开启了热阀门，排出了大量的高温气体和有毒污染物。</span></p>
<p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: rgb(42, 42, 42); font-family: &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); line-height: 2em; text-indent: 0em;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 16px;"><img src="https://www.autoju.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/1391556774721.jpg" title="A2.jpg" style="white-space: normal; float: none;"/></span></p>
<p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: rgb(42, 42, 42); font-family: &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); line-height: 2em; text-indent: 0em;"><br/></p>
<p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: rgb(42, 42, 42); font-family: &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); line-height: 2em; text-indent: 0em;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 16px;">不然你看那事后才罩上的新车衣，为何前部又被熏得漆黑？</span></p>
<p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: rgb(42, 42, 42); font-family: &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); line-height: 2em; text-indent: 0em;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 16px;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px;">车聚小结</strong></span></p>
<p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: rgb(42, 42, 42); font-family: &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); line-height: 2em; text-indent: 0em;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 16px;">截止到目前，特斯拉已经发生了两起内生性的事故。它的保护机制是否能完全适应电芯热失控触发的速度很值得怀疑，如果不止一个电芯热失控那就更有可能突破原有的设计限制。<br/></span></p>
<p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: rgb(42, 42, 42); font-family: &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><br/></p>
<p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: rgb(42, 42, 42); font-family: &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); line-height: 2em; text-indent: 0em;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 16px;">另有一个小细节，这台车的轮圈被改装过，通过肉眼可以判断它们的带胎直径较原厂尺寸小了一些。这就意味着这台车与其它同年龄同里程同使用场景的原厂特斯拉相比，电池充放电的次数更多，放电电流更强，电压波动更快，电机运行的负荷更大。</span></p>
<p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: rgb(42, 42, 42); font-family: &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); text-indent: 0em;"><span style="font-size: 16px; text-indent: 0em;">这会不会也为这台特斯拉的爆炸，不断地积累微小隐患呢？</span><br/></p>
<p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: rgb(42, 42, 42); font-family: &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="font-size: 16px; text-indent: 0em;">车聚君将继续跟踪报道。</span><br/></p>
<p style="white-space: normal; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 17px; line-height: 34px; color: rgb(73, 73, 73); font-family: Arial, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); text-indent: 0em; margin-bottom: 20px !important;"><span style="color: rgb(0, 176, 80); font-family: 微软雅黑, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;; text-indent: 0em; font-size: 16px;">欢迎加入车聚读者微信群：请先添加微信号autoju1，并注明“我要入群”，之后我们将拉您入群，或加入QQ群：383683141。</span></p>
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<p style="margin-right: 4px; white-space: normal; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); font-family: &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, Arial, sans-serif; text-align: center; line-height: 2em; text-indent: 0em;"><span style="font-family: sans-serif;"></span></p>
<p style="white-space: normal; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 17px; line-height: 34px; color: rgb(73, 73, 73); font-family: Arial, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); text-align: center; text-indent: 0em; margin-bottom: 20px !important;"><span style="text-indent: 0em; font-size: 16px; font-family: 微软雅黑, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;; color: rgb(89, 89, 89);"><img src="https://www.autoju.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/54321556774721.jpg" oldsrc="W020180926358221373898.jpg" alt="" width="150" height="150" border="0" hspace="0" vspace="0" title="" style="padding: 0px; margin: 10px 0px 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(85, 85, 85); font-family: &quot;Microsoft Yahei&quot;, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; border: 0px; width: 150px; height: 150px;"/></span></p>
]]></description>
		<pubDate>Wed, 30 Nov -0001 00:00:00 +0800</pubDate>
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